The Fundamental Lapse On Reality And Marriage - 1811 Words

The Fundamental Lapse in Reality and Marriage With only seventeen letters compiling the title of Pride and Prejudice you could simply destroy the fundamentals of English society at this time based upon the title. The book proves to be nothing more then what most informed readers know of Victorian England being the staggering gap between the social and economic structures. What begins to unfold in the book makes one feel almost grateful to not be subjected to these elitists minus the theme of love. I think and have found that you can open the book and in almost every page there is a overwhelmingly use of satire/irony through imagery/motifs, given what the book is about, it makes sense, but doesn’t make you want to understand these lives, you have no choice but to. I want to explain the difficulty with relating this book to present times with marriage in society, reoccurring themes, and why it is/isn’t a problem to think that this is such a privileged life? Austen in the opening sentence says: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen, 3). That sentence truly expresses the closed minded view of society, in that, to have a proper life a young wealthy bachelor should be looking for a wife. It is hard for one to imagine that in noble society the needs of a bachelor were but a mere companion/wife to produce offspring and stand by as a host for entertaining and whatever else. I get lost in theShow MoreRelatedDenial in The Iceman Cometh Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept or acknowledge the reality or validity of a thing or idea. Many characters in The Iceman Cometh suffer from denial and false hope. ONeill places these characters in the appropriate setting in which they are able to fantasize about their dreams. Amidst the drunken and misguided characters, ONeill presents a few that the reader builds hope and sympathy for. Each character us es a pipe dream in order to be able to become blind to their downfalls and to reality. In the bar setting, charactersRead MoreThe Role of the Narrator in The Great Gatsby Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesrestless.. Nick graduated from a university in New Haven. This provides readers with an idea of his intelligence. Nick was also involved in World War 1 in which he spent some time in the trenches. The time he spent there changed his perspective of reality, and it changed his lifestyle. Gatsby was also involved in the war along with Nick so there is some similarities between both Gatsby and Nick therefore a link of similar experiences can be seen between the two. 2My family have been prominentRead Morebusiness law chap 92036 Words   |  9 PagesB. GARBER, M.B.A., J.D. PHONE: 312-362-6788 Course Description: Legal Environment of Business: History of law from the Common Law down to the present Uniform Commercial Code, including ethical considerations and social responsibilities fundamental principles of law pertaining to business and persons, contracts and principal-agent relationship. (Prerequisite: Sophomore Standing). Offered every term. Textbook: Smith and Roberson s Business Law, 15th Edition Course Design and Objectives Read MoreAncestral Worship as Religion According to Herbert Spencer and Bhil Tribe.2269 Words   |  10 Pagessubstantiated their theory by reference to contemporary primitive traditions and an analysis of the Hebrew Scriptures and Greek mythology. According to Spencer, mans first reaction to the experience of ghosts is one of fear, and therefore fear is the fundamental cause of all religious life. In general, this sociological theory of origin holds that Mullers second stage (ancestor worship) is actually the first stage of religion. All other forms grow out of this primary religious experience. Sir Edward BurnettRead MoreEvaluate the Extent to Which Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Can Help Us to Understand a Clients Presenting Issues2632 Words   |  11 Pagesconsiders the consequences of an action, and understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. Thus the ego carries out â€Å"secondary process thinking† and is driven by the reality principle. †¢ The third part of the mind is the â€Å"superego† which develops around the age of 4 as we become more aware of the rules and conventions of society and, specifically, of our parents. It contains our social conscience and guides us towardsRead MoreAnalysing the Female Characters in Henry James Fiction Essay3987 Words   |  16 Pagesof his central female characters that James focuses on the conflict between female consciousness of self and existence as a sign, defined socially and linguistically. The novels establish women signs both in their reflection of social reality and in their use of women as ‘other’ suggestive of interpretation, at the same time as they probe this sign function as problematic for the aware and conscious female individual. The heroines in whom this conflict is explored areRead MoreBasic Concepts in the Law of Contracts5006 Words   |  21 Pagessuppliers. Over several centuries, the law governing contracts has developed a large number of doctrines. Most are consistent with common sense, but unless you know what the rules are, you can easily make a mistake. This document introduces the fundamentals of contract law most relevant to businesspeople. Important legal terms are italicized. What is a Contract? And what is Contract Law? Legally, a contract is a set of promises that the law will enforce. We make promises all the time. Only someRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 Pages............. 22 6.4-The Patriarchal Division of Society and Its Implications for Violence Against Women .............. 23 6.5-Globalization, â€Å"Honour killings† and So-Called Cultural Clash .................................................... 25 7-Lapse in Legal and Judicial System ..................................................................................................... 28 7.1-Two Parallel System and Notion of Provocation For Rampant Increase of â€Å"Honour killings† in Pakistan .........Read MoreEvaluation Of A Research Methodology9423 Words   |  38 Pagesacquisition behaviour among CEOs (Haleblian et al. 2009). The same hubris could result in unreliable information or distorted views of the events. The interviewees may have consciousl y or subconsciously implied a more positive view of the merger than reality. Observer error – Given that the interview process was semi-structured, guidelines existed to ensure that all topics were adequately discussed in each interview. The researcher may have unintentionally influenced the interview by the way questionsRead MoreUrbana at Feliza10754 Words   |  44 Pagesand parties. All these constitute the socialization process where a person is slowly assimilated into the various institutions in society. The second section features a primary concern of adult life-finding the right spouse to insure a successful marriage. This part is followed by a series of chapters on the different ways of bringing up children to make sure that they will not be led astray. The last chapters invariably focus on the persons final years with lengthy exhortations made by the parent

When Cell Phones First Came Out Years Ago, They Where Big

When cell phones first came out years ago, they where big and balky and only had one propose, to make a phone call. There wasn’t much to them, other than the buttons used to dial the number you wished to call; in recent year technology has changed all that. Cell phones nowadays are completely different looking, than their predecessor before them, what is now called a smart phone comes in many shape and sizes. With new technology improvements, so called smart phones have changed the way every people conduct daily routines, in fact I hardly ever use my laptop computer anymore other than doing home for college. With a Smartphone people can now do just about everything they could do on a computer, web developers have made is easy for people to†¦show more content†¦Fast forward 10 years, Motorola releases its first mass production type cell phone the Motorola Dyna TCA 8000X, costing consumers nearly $4,000, due to its cost and lack of performance it wasn’t a big hit , really only business type people would fork out the dough for one. It wasn’t till 1997 when Nokia launched its Nokia 6110, with features such as games like Memory, Snake and Logic; it also had a calculator, clock and calendar. The Nokia 6110 was a huge improvement over the costly Motorola device, with the battery last longer and giving consumers more talk time, with added features like the games and clock/calendar. Over the year technology continued to shape mobile device and their features, in 2003 the BlackBerry5810, took it up a notch allowing users to not only make phone calls, but also check and send emails with its QWERTY keyboard feature. Few years later BlackBerry produced another one of a kind cell phone with the BlackBerry 7270 released in 2005, what was so special about it? It offered the first ever Wi-Fi feature, since then the sky has been the limit for smart phones, they are smaller, lighter, and offer users not only the ability to make phone calls, but also f eatures like email, web browsing, music, games, apps, online banking and yeah still has a clock and calendar.Show MoreRelatedCell Phones And Its Effect On Our Lives894 Words   |  4 Pages The first cell phone that was build in a car the reason why it was because it was too big to carry around in your pockets. Buying a phone in 1980 were very expensive, not everyone can afford a phone for themselves. Cell phones back in the day would cost just about over a couple thousand of dollars. The mobile devices that were made in that time was only for phone calls without any caller ID s to tell who s calling you. .Cell phones have been producing a lot better over these few years. BackRead MoreCell Phones And Health Risks1330 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies regarding cell phones and health risks. Cell phones have changed drastically from 20 years ago to present. When phones first came out they were only in our homes, I recall when I was younger we would go places and wouldn’t have a cell phone to call or text, to let your family know your location, unlike today. In the early 90’s, the bag phone was introduced to the public. These phones were a big deal when they first came out, you would plug them into your cigarette lighter. When you would callRead MoreCell Phone Technology1488 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phone Technology The cell phone technology that is ever changing by the day was scientifically invented and born back in the early 1980’s. Science was the main key to the birth of the cell phone which was put together by the Motorola Company who today is still making cell phones. Before the cell phone came out the car phone was the first mobile phone which were very large and had to be hooked up to a briefcase which supplied the power for the mobile phone. Science was the utilized to createRead MoreThe Cell Phone Evolution Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cell Phone Evolution Table of Contents THE BEGINNING 3 A NEW WAY TO COMMUNICATE 4 PRESENT CELL PHONES 6 FUTURE CELL PHONES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 The Cell Phone Evolution THE BEGINNING Over a century ago, Alexander Graham Bell changed the way people communicated with each other. Back when he invented the phone in 1876, no one could imagine that over the next century, his invention would change the way societies interactRead MoreTechnology And The World Wide Web1516 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the years of the early 1990’s to the late 80’s, smart technology of today seemed like a pipe dream. People never said it would never become a thing, however it will be massive challenge to create something of high caliber. Today, those ideas that people said was going to be incredibly challenging, is now second hand work to us. It is not because the work turn out to be easy. There were massive trials and errors over the decades of developing this technology. Some people even lost everythingRead MoreThe Modern Expansion of Cellular Phone Use1571 Words   |  7 PagesCellular Phone Use The Modern Expansion of Cellular Phone Use Over a decade ago the house phone was such a remarkable advancement where it provided a person to call places over thousands of miles away. Then the ease and comfort of wireless phones came out. Now, the invention of cellular phones (a mobile telephone) is an excellent device to do business or call out for help when you need to. While for others it is a failure, annoying and a cause of accidents. â€Å"Today, cellular phones have becomeRead MoreThe Mobile Phone Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mobile Phone Since the beginning of time, man has been inventing things; demand for technology is sky high and what the public wants, the public gets. Nothing, however, can compare with the sudden boost of the 21st centurys best invention yet, the mobile phone. Communication has taken on a new meaning, and currently you cannot take a stroll down a typical street in Europeand not see one. Mobile Phones have taken the world by a storm and their rising popularityRead MoreCell Phones And Our Health1542 Words   |  7 Pages Cell phones and our Health People live in a world where new technology allows us to communicate more effectively. Wherever people go, they will see others using their phones and texting, emailing, chatting and tweeting to connect with others. According to Pew Research Center have shown that 90 % of American adults and 64 % of teens own cell phones. Whether people have a Smartphone, or a basic phone, eventualities are they check their phone, even when their cell phone does not ring or vibrate.Read MoreScience and Religion Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome a custom to the proof that science gives us so when we think of religion we can believe what we can’t not hear or see, this is one of the affect science has on religion. Another affect science has on religion is how every thing came to be but can we actually say that the chicken came before the egg, no. No one really and truly knows the answer so they both collide as to what might have started it all. For instance what caused the big bang, did it just happen or did someone or, perhaps, someRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Education1521 Words   |  7 PagesEducation, ironically everybody has the wrong mindset that educations is only get at a school, and it was very extraneous that when I was browsing the meaning of education on internet, I found that Google defines education as, â€Å"The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.† Did you read that? If not let me make it clear to you, â€Å"ESPECIALLY AT A SCHOOL OR UNIVERSITY.† It is very strange to me that most people have the ideology that education is especially

Security and Support in It-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: What does it mean by Automation for Uniformity? Why is it a good solution in principle? Answer: Introduction Automation is nothing but the use of various control system like computer or robots and various information technologies like computers or robots and other technologies related to information (Stephens, and Didden, 2013). It will be used for handling various process and machines in various industry which will replace human being in the coming future. In the coming pages of the report the full idea regarding automation for uniformity has been provided. After that proper solution has been provided regarding it. The reason behind the implementation of fully automatic system has been provided in the coming pages of the report. Various technologies have been discussed which will help in improvisation of reliability, availability and performance related to it. Discussion Automation for Uniformity Automation is nothing but the use and creation of technology and its application so that it provides control and monitoring the production of various goods and services. Automation generally helps in achieving productivity and uniformity of products. It works in a way or process which is similar to worker which can provide service (Inventory, 2012). Longer production hour ensures that various products can be easily produced in minimum time. They robots incorporated in the system can easily produce a product which is consistent and uniform. Human being is more prone to error and products which are not uniform can reduce the overall productivity. In my case I will implement a fully automation for this system help it reduce my burden of individually looking into the systems. In the beginning it can have issues but with the passage of time it will decrease slowly. Technologies used in server computers for improving reliability, availability and performance Improvisation of server reliability begins with careful choice of server hardware and features related to it. The administrator should start selecting server with proper power supplies. There are many other techniques like making use of multiple network interface ports (Zissis and Lekkas, 2012). There are many other approach for server reliability which is making use of server cluster. Availability of a system means that system is on-line and it can be easily accessed. The goal of high availability is to reduce and minimize the time which is needed for recovering form outage (Bauer and Adams, 2012). The goal of achieving high availability solution is to minimize the downtime and also focuses to minimize the time required for downtime and time required for recovering from recovering from issues. Performance of a system can be easily increased by following various steps like Removing malware from the system. Upgrading the system to a better video card. Having a faster drive. Solving various issues related to hardware and driver. Removing junk files from the system. Analyzing the network connectivity on timely basis. Scope of coverage for helpdesk operation A help desk is zone where consumer or customer can easily have answer regarding their queries related to computing, put their respective problems and provide solution regarding it. A helpdesk can be either online or physical thing but should provide and have defined scope of coverage regarding it (Madsen et al., 2013). Scope of coverage must properly define that what is support provided by it and who will be supported by this, time interval for which the support will be provided. What: The beginning of coverage is at what which primarily focuses on problems related to PCs, Network, specific operating system and application and how it can provide support to platform. Who: Second scope of coverage is the who behind it, which will provide support regarding department, buildings and many other. Trusted certificate authority for establishing secure communication Certificate Authorities or CA generally issues various digital certificates. Digital certificate is nothing but small data files which are needed to be verified. It contains some credentials which can help website, people and devices which are generally represent the authentication about various online identity (Space, 2012). CA plays a key role on the method of operation of Internet and the transparency of trusted transaction which can takes place on the internet. CA faces a large number of issues related to digital certificates which are mainly used for protection of information, encrypting large number of transaction and providing secure communication to large number of transaction which will ultimately help in establishing secure and proper communication (Vratonjic et al., 2013). Role it plays in achieving secure communication between IT department and students Trusted certificate authority plays a key role in establishing secure communication between IT department and students. Certificate authorities generally issues certain digital certificates. An SSL certificate is a popular kind of digital certificate which helps in binding details of web server for providing cryptographic keys (Mansour et al., 2014). These keys are generally used in SSL/ TLS protocol for establishing a secure communication between browser and web server which mainly help in hosting SSL certificate. SSL certificate must contain the name of the domain of the website which will be used and this is generally issued by CA which are trusted and does not have any expiry date. Authentication for announcement Browser, OS and mobile devices plays a key role in making authorization CA membership programs where it easily has membership programs which can be easily accepted as a programs. After that CA contain some problems which provides problems regarding SSL certificate (Zissis and Lekkas, 2012). Before issuing a digital certificate CA will conduct analysis which can easily identify the applicant. A domain related SSL certificate can easily have ownership of domain which is being provided within given certificate. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be easily concluded that automation helps in achieving uniformity. Automation is method or technique which is used for innovating technology and its application for achieving control and monitoring of various goods and services related to it. Different technologies which are used for improving reliability, performance and availability has been discussed in the above pages of the report. After that summarization of scope of coverage of help desk operation has been provided. The importance of trusted certificate authority for establishment of secure communication has been provided. The role played by trusted certificate authority for establishment of secure communication between IT department and students has been provided in the above pages of the report. The guarantee of authentication for any announcement has been provided in the report. References Bauer, E. and Adams, R., 2012.Reliability and availability of cloud computing. John Wiley Sons. Inventory, F.N.A., 2012. Department of Natural Resources.Guide to the natural communities of Florida. Madsen, H., Burtschy, B., Albeanu, G. and Popentiu-Vladicescu, F.L., 2013, July. Reliability in the utility computing era: Towards reliable fog computing. InSystems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2013 20th International Conference on(pp. 43-46). IEEE. Mansour, H.A., Sabreen, K., Pibars, M., El-Hady, A. and Eldardiry, E.I., 2014. Effect of water management by drip irrigation automation controller system on faba bean production under water deficit.International journal of geomate,7(2), pp.1047-1053. Space, N.O.V.A., 2012. Mission automation and autonomy: In-flight experience derived from more than 8 years of science operations in orbit about mars. Stephens, A. and Didden, M., 2013. The development of ICT Sector Guidance: rationale, development and outcomes.Hilty et al.(2013), pp.8-11. Vratonjic, N., Freudiger, J., Bindschaedler, V. and Hubaux, J.P., 2013. The inconvenient truth about web certificates. InEconomics of information security and privacy iii(pp. 79-117). Springer, New York, NY. Zissis, D. and Lekkas, D., 2012. Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

Myra Levine free essay sample

Through theories nursing have been renewed and taken to another level. Nursing theorist such as Dorothy Orem, Betty Neuman, Myra Levine and others have made an invaluable impact in nursing. Florence Nightengale who is a much known theorist in the nursing field has made impressive improvement in healthcare and in nursing including the importance of hand hygiene. Betty Neuman was a pioneer in psychiatric health and the neuman system model, this model is to bring stability to individuals who need and/or are receiving nursing care (Meleis 2012). Nursing theories are divided into four categories starting with the first school of thoughts: needs, the second school of thought is interaction, the third school of thought is outcome, and last but not least the fourth school of thought is caring and becoming. Nursing focus is on the need to improve the care of the patient’s health and wellbeing. Grand Theory Assignment A nurse uses theories everyday in their job. We will write a custom essay sample on Myra Levine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We forget at times how far nursing has come. With the help of the nurses before us we are able to use research and theories to help us in our practice. In this paper a few of many of the theorist will be discussed and compare. Being a nurse is an important and caring career. Dorothea Orem was a part of the first school of thought needs. â€Å"Needs Theorist† provided us with a view of human being that was slightly different but close to the view provided by the biomedical model (Meleis 2012). She published her theory in 1959. Her focus was to develop a curriculum for practical nurses. The three theories were called Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Self-Care requisites. The purpose of this theory was to maintain life and to keep the physical and psychic function going, and to maintain the integrity of a person’s function and development with the framework of conditions that are essential for life (Meleis 2012). Orem thought that the nurse should be able to take care of the patient when they are sick. Today things are more focus on teaching the patient how to interact with the nurse and learn how to maintain a sense of autonomy. Interactions were the next category of theorist. Theorist in this class looked at nursing care as a human relationship. Ida Orlando theory was based off nursing actions and the nurse patient relationship. After doing her research she found out that nurses were driven by the directions they received from physicians, prescriptions, organizational needs, and not the needs of the patient (Meleis 2012). Orem believed if nurses provide best care they will see changes for the best. Myra Levine and others were a part of the outcomes class of theorist. These theorists focused on the outcome of nursing care. Their question was what the focus of nursing was. They thought nursing should have been focused around the human being and the environment. Myra Levine theorist was centered on conservation. Levine, the first images that are conjured are of an integrator who was able to assimilate nursing as a â€Å"humanitarian enterprise† with physics, from which she utilized great conservation laws with physiology and adaptation (Meleis 2012). Levine believed the environment in which one is in helps with the adaptation. She used the internal and external environmental settings. Throughout the challenges and changes in the environments, the body maintains its integrity through some control mechanisms that lead to autoregulation of the internal environment (Meleis 2012). Levine conservation theory was adapted in several settings including the temperature of a newborn baby being put in warmer and compared to a baby put on the chest of his mother. The caring and becoming theories were established in the 1980s. Jean Watson thought the caring for others was the same as caring for self. Watson thought of caring was the way to bring the nurse and patient together. Care theorists include equally the self reflections of patients and nurses as they transform each other into different and more self-examined human beings (Meleis 2012). She believed that the act of caring was centered on the healing of the patient. Each of the theorists has made a great impact in the nursing field. We incorporate some of these theories knowingly and unknowingly in our everyday work. I am a firm believer that autonomy is important in the healing of the patients. If patients are able to care for themselves, than this should be a part of their daily routine to help with the healing process. With that being said I think Jean Watson is most congruent with my personal philosophy of nursing. She too believes in caring for self. She thought the caring for self was to allow human beings to determine and find their own meaning (Meleis 2012). After reading, discussing, and learning about each theorist they all have made nursing what it is today. Although each theorist brought different ideas to nursing they all centered on the care of the patient and the patient’s family. Today we are able to adapt these theories in all aspect of nursing.

5 part-time jobs great for college students

5Â  part-time jobs great for college students Being a college student can be rough work- on top of juggling a heavy class load with extracurricular activities and social opportunities, many students look to take on some type of part-time employment, either to help pay for school or for extra spending money. That’s a lot to handle, and it’s exactly why students should make every effort to ensure that they’re choosing the right types of jobs. An ideal part-time job allows for some level of schedule flexibility to accommodate busy lives in and out of the classroom and will not eclipse or overshadow a student’s primary goals- to get good grades and have a positive college experience.Monster recently published an article highlighting some of the best part-time jobs for college students. If you’re a student on the hunt for a part-time job, consider the following five possibilities.1. BabysitterTaking care of children has long been a tried and true employment opportunity for students. Why? Because stu dents typically have the energy and enthusiasm to keep up with young children. Babysitting is typically the sort of work students can do around their class schedules- night and weekend work is common. It also tends to pay relatively well and you can pretty much set your own work hours and availability.2. BaristaCollege students have long-since discovered the power of coffee to get through a long and busy day, and many students have also discovered that making and serving coffee can be an excellent way to earn some extra cash. Not only are there coffee shops practically everywhere (especially around college campuses across the country), they also typically offer work shift opportunities around classes and can be fun and social environments- not a bad way to earn a paycheck.3. DriverIf you have a car and a little extra time on your hands, becoming a driver might be a great choice for part-time work. For the most part you’ll get to be your own boss, set your own hours, and work from the comfort of your own car. Work when you’re available, look forward to some extra tips from grateful passengers, and have plenty of time to handle the rest of your busy life.4. IT support specialistThese days, the average college student was practically raised on technology and has solid tech skills that they can put to good use. If you often find yourself helping friends and family with their tech-related issues, why not get paid for it? You can either employ yourself or find a job on campus as an IT support specialist and earn good money doing something that you’re naturally good at.5. Retail associateMost of us at one time or another held at least one job in retail- and for good reason. These jobs are often easy to find and are flexible, relatively low-stress ways to earn some extra money. If this sounds right up your alley, head out to some stores in your area and see if they’re hiring.There you have it- if you’re a college student on the hunt for a part-time job, one of these five options might be just the right move for you. Happy hunting!

Grammar-Checking Software Is Soft on Grammar Errors

Grammar-Checking Software Is Soft on Grammar Errors Grammar-Checking Software Is Soft on Grammar Errors Grammar-Checking Software Is Soft on Grammar Errors By Mark Nichol You want to improve your grammar, but you’re disinclined to invest time and energy to laboriously study print or online resources about sentence construction. You’ve seen ads on the Internet about grammar checkers, and you decide to check them out. How useful is grammar-checking software? After visiting five grammar-checker websites and using (the free versions of) their products, my conclusion is that software is no substitute for wetware (otherwise known as your brain). Here are my brief reports about the software I sampled. Grammarbase.com Grammarbase.com fallaciously flagged â€Å"ought to be† and â€Å"may be† as examples of passive voice a common misunderstanding of the topic. (Passive voice is a backward-facing construction such as â€Å"This sentence was written by me†; â€Å"I wrote this sentence† is the active alternative. Verb form is not the primary issue.) Worse, there were several real grammatical and syntactical errors in the site’s introductory text (which I used as a test sample for this and the other sites); the grammar-checking tool found none of them. GrammarCheck.net When I copied and pasted the sample text into GrammarCheck.net’s tool, it showed the same poor results as Grammarbase.com’s. However, when I clicked on the site’s Advanced Report button, it took me to . . . Grammarly Grammarly found nearly fifty errors (or, more accurately, instances of concern), mostly involving what the site terms â€Å"writing style,† in the introductory text taken from Grammarbase.com. (The free version did not specifically identify the errors.) When I then plugged in the raw, error-laden version of a copyediting test, it found fewer mistakes than revealed in the Grammarbase.com text but gave the test text a lower score. PaperRater PaperRater found no errors in Grammarbase.com’s text and only two in the text for the copyediting test both concerning misuse of hyphens. Spellcheckplus.com Spellcheckplus.com was stymied by the phrase â€Å"not only should the structure of your writing be solid,† reminding me about noun-verb agreement (irrelevant in this case) and by the phrase â€Å"your basic default word processor grammar checker,† alerting me that if by using your I meant â€Å"you are,† it should read you’re (again, irrelevant). However, it advised changing you’ll to â€Å"you will† and noted that a letter space should both precede and follow an ellipsis and that the first two words in â€Å"run on sentences† should be hyphenated all valid but superficial corrections. My tests were not rigorous, and I did not purchase any of this software I merely took a test drive of each company’s freeware trial. However, the only difference I can see between the free and paid versions of these software products is that the paid versions not only flag your errors but also analyze them. The problem is that, whether in simple or advanced mode, these tools missed just about every error that matters in a grammatical review. These tests confirmed my suspicion that grammar-checking software can at best note only the most elementary errors (and sometimes marks valid constructions as mistakes). Grammar is much too complicated and nuanced to trust to technology. If you want to write well, learn to write well. If you want to have your writing reviewed and evaluated, access the brain of another human being. But don’t even think of relying on software. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsFive Spelling Rules for "Silent Final E"The Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

Unemployment in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unemployment in Europe - Essay Example A survey conducted in 2006, an assessment of the unemployment rates in various countries in Europe was carried out. As per the results of that survey, unemployment in Europe in general is currently as high as 4% to 17%. (Kurten, 2006). Not only this, the rate of unemployment was assessed to decrease further in the coming years, which is the biggest cause of concern among the youth of the European nations. The same study by Kurten (2006) revealed that till 2004, people below 25 years of age belonging to the European Union faced unemployment in the percentage of over 18.6%. What particularly raises a lot of difficulties in the way of young Europeans getting employed is a lack of sufficient experience that would get them qualified for the jobs. Any journey has to start from a point. Unfortunately, young Europeans can not start because the employers expect them to have considerable experience that is not possible without at least one employer having compromised upon lack of experience and accepted a fresh graduate. Moreover, employers in Europe conventionally judge the skills of a person through his/her CV. This way, many potential employees fail to be even considered for selection simply because the CVs are not convincing enough in terms of experience. In addition to that, employers in Europe generally tend to evaluate the proficiency of an individual through his/her experience with the first job. This can prove very unfortunate for an individual in that even if he/she remained employed with some infamous and unrenowned company for a considerable length of time in the start of his/her career, he/she might have extreme difficulty searching another job after leaving the first one. The consequences can be even worse if the individual got expelled from the first job for some reason, even if he/she was not at fault at all. On the other hand, employees themselves feel demotivated by repeated rejections and expulsions

How soccer can help children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How soccer can help children - Essay Example This paper examines how soccer can change lives of the people. Charles Miller, an Englishman, brought Futebol (soccer in Portuguese), to Brazil in 1885 (Muller, 1998). Soccer is a ‘way of life’ for millions of Brazilians. The Brazilian soccer style reflects its culture and demonstrates its ‘foot ability’. The people here dance samba and use creativity and swing to promote various rhythms. It is very easy to play, has simple rules, does not require any equipment, and can be played on synthetic grass. The soccer ball can be made of socks, oranges or soda lids. People with various attributes can play soccer hence a large number of people can participate. Soccer was considered the only way to achieve economic success so rich people who play soccer become role models for others to follow. Despite the soccer being a part of the local culture, it was not initially used in schools. This paper will show how soccer should be used as a means of liberation, knowledge and development. It will examine how soccer should help children to have a better life, both physically and mentally. It will also show how associations maintained by former soccer players help children in Brazil by giving them a new direction in life. The accurate date of the sprouting of the game soccer is something that nobody can affirm with certainty. An action to kick some object always was present in the history of the humanity, either with a rock, a fruit and sometimes a skull. But the most likely story is this sport originated in China, around 2600 B.C. during the Han Dynasty, where Chinese military used to exercise by trying to kick a leather ball filled with hair on the inside of two poles fixed which were on the ground measuring 12 – 16 inches apart the "TsuChu". Soccer is one of the worlds most popular sports. People spend hours near their TV screens, watching their favorite players score. The profit from soccer is enormous,

Fololio Mulagia Essay Example for Free

Fololio Mulagia Essay In May of 2011 a Samoan schoolteacher by the name of Folole Muliaga was sent home from a New Zealand hospital suffering from a terminal illness called cardiomyopathy. Because, doctors believed she did not have much longer to live she was sent home with two oxygen tanks to help aid her with her illness. McNaughton (2006) states that on May 29 a contractor for Vircom EMS was sent by Mercury Energy to the Muliaga’s home to disconnect the electricity supply. Mrs. Muliaga pleaded with the contractor to keep the electricity because of her health condition but he disagreed. A few short hours later Mrs.  Muliaga would perish. Prior to the Muliaga’s electricity being disconnected, the family had an outstanding balance of $168. 00, and could not afford to pay the bill. The case of Folole Muliaga would later be broadcast around the world capturing the attention of many government officials. This paper will cover many aspects including but not limited to: the consequences and outcomes of the scenario, the illegal and unethical aspects of the Mercury Company, was the role of the coroner and police department justifiable, and lastly, what reforms and guidelines were put in place as a result of the devastating tragedy? Evaluate Ethical Behavior: The Historical Case of Folole Muliaga Folole Muliaga, a 44 year old terminally ill mother of four suffering from cardiomyopathy perished after not being able to pay a $168. 00 electricity bill. As a result of Mrs. Muliaga sickness she was unable to continue her teaching career which brought in the majority of the household income. Johnston (2007) states that Mercury Energy was unaware that disconnecting power to a South Auckland home could have potentially life-threatening consequences. The resulted consequence was too harsh; to disconnect the electricity given that Mrs. Muliaga was just released from the hospital days earlier. The major price Mrs. Muliaga paid was dying 3 hours after the electricity was disconnected from her home. The family of Mrs. Muliaga would later dispute that the bill was not overdue, and that it was actually due days later. Bennett (2007) states that Folole’s husband actually made a partial payment on May 17 and would make another payment a few days later. The Mercury Energy contractor who disconnected the power says he was unaware that Mrs. Muliaga depended on oxygen tanks to live. What’s disturbing is that the Muliaga family states that when the ontractor arrived, Mrs. Muliaga invites him in and thourgly explains to him her health circumstances. She begins to plead with him not to disconnect the electricity, but he is not being attentive to her needs. He states he is simply doing his job, and that she must contact Mercury Energy to have the electricity restored. Although health professionals who treated the victim said her health problems had tremendously worsened over the past few months, does not make it morally nor ethically factual for the company to not hear the concerns of its customers. After the incident went ational the general manager for Mercury Energy stated that he was sure the company was not at fault for Mrs. Muliaga’s death. Cleve (2007) He contended: I’m confident that the processes we have put, the communications we had with the customer, were very clear about the circumstances that would happen. The general manager’s arrogance toward Muliaga’s death clearly shows his lack of concern and unethical behavior. His thoughts are that the company done nothing immorally or illegally wrong. In the case of Folole Muliaga there was almost a trial by media, pressuring Mercury to change how they conduct business with customers who ave severe medical conditions. A company’s culture is the biggest element of how it handles difficult situations. Companies no matter how large or small should have a value statement that aids them on what is considered ethical behavior. The actions of Mercury Energy were illegal in the eyes of many consumers and shareholders around the world. It’s very bothersome and also reality that individuals who occupy senior level managenet roles does not uphold the standards and intergrity when it comes to satisfying the needs of customers. Meredith (2007) says the behavior of Mercury Energy top xecutives serves to do no more than confirm just about every negative stereotype there is about impersonal, arrogant, and greedy corporates. What makes Folole’s story so alarming is that Mercury Energy is a state owned enterprise, which means the taxpayers solely, owns the company. Research states that Jones (1991) a moral issue is present when a person’s actions, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others. It’s imperative to know that many judgments are moral decisions because they have a moral component, such as the case of Folole Muliaga. The actions that took place in Mrs. Muliaga’s home was horribly illegal and unethical, because the situation was not investigated thourghly. If the contractor would have taken five minutes to contact someone about Mrs. Muliaga’s severe health condition her life probably could have been prolonged. The contractor’s irrational behavior to further assist the family is what makes this situation so demoralizing. A few weeks after Folole’s Muliaga’s death, Police announced that there was no evidence that did not point to Mercury Energy nor the contractor’s that they were at fault for Mrs. Muliaga’s death. After Folole’s death the family expressed that the Police department showed lack of â€Å"Cultural Awareness† and had â€Å"institutionalized racism†. Bridgeman (2010) Coroner Gordon Matenga concluded that Mrs. Muliaga died of natural causes but, an arrhythmia caused by morbid obesity and that the cessation of oxygen therapy and stress arising from the fact of the disconnection (as opposed to the way in which the power was disconnected) have contributed to her death. To agree with the coroner’s report individuals would really have to reexamine Folole’s case. Certainly, the victim had health issues that contributed to her death. But, the question we must ask ourselves is that if Mrs. Muliaga’s electricity was never turned off would she have still perished a few hours later. Many of us would answer the question by saying no, she would still be alive. In many of our thoughts and private belief’s we would say that Mercury Energy is responsible for her death. Summary: The Folole’s Muliaga’s story should have been an eye opener for all major corporations. Many companies today do not follow Corporate Social Responsibility. Many top managers and executives are simply in the business to make a large profit off of its shareholders and onsumers. Organizations have to reexamine the culture, morals, and values of why they are in business. Meredith (2007) In the case of Mercury Energy, those needs should have been understood to include the cultural and economic issues of a Samoan family struggling to make a go of their lives in New Zealand and to have been deserving of care and respect in addressing what turned out to be the life threatening issue of the discontinuation of their electricity supply. A variety of theoretical perspectives have been established to support researchers and most mportantly managers on social issues. These concepts would help organizations to understand the importance of having values and morals when it comes to dealing with the public. The social life cycle theory was used to analyze the Mercury Energy case. Ackerman (1975) found that, in general, the responsiveness of business organizations to social issues progresses through a three-phase trajectory; policy, learning, and commitment. Most of us who are familiar with the Muliaga case would say that the company was in refutation about the Muliaga issue.

Removal of the Cherokee Essay -- essays research papers

In The Cherokee Removal, Perdue and Green show the trials that the Cherokee faced in the years from 1700 to 1840. This book shows how the Americans tried to remove these Indians from the southeastern part of the United States. The Cherokees tried to overcome the attempts of removal, but finally in 1838, they were removed from the area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cherokees lived in the valleys of rivers that drained the southern Appalachians (Perdue, 1). The British first came into Cherokee country in 1700. They came for two major reasons: deerskins and war captives. They brought guns and ammunition, metal knives, hoes, hatchets, fabrics, kettles, rum, and trinkets. They took the Cherokee and made them slaves. The British built two forts to protect the Cherokees while they were fighting the enemies of the British. The Cherokees entered the French and Indian War on the side of the British (Perdue, 6). Attacks on Cherokees by white frontiersmen and duplicity by colonial officials caused the Cherokees to shift their allegiance to the French. During the war, the British destroyed many Cherokee towns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war the American Revolution caused many British settlers to push westward. These settlers began to compete with the Cherokees for land. The Cherokee were glad when the Proclamation of 1763 was put into effect. This prevented settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Most of the settlers became enemies. The settlers attacked the Cherokees, destroying many towns and killing many people. This attack caused the Cherokees to end their participation in the American Revolution. The American colonist continued to take over the Cherokee land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1783, the American Revolution ended. Since most of the Cherokees helped the British in the Revolutionary War, the Americans needed to make peace with them. Then in1785, the treaty of Hopewell was signed (Perdue 8). This was a peace treaty between the Cherokee and the Americans. This treaty defined the Cherokees’ boundaries and it gave them the right to get rid of unwanted settlers. The states of Georgia and North Carolina ignored this treaty. The people of these states expanded into Cherokee land, and the Cherokees continued to resist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Americans needed to come up with another system. Henry Knox was gave the task to come up wit... ...(Perdue 20). It gave them two years to prepare for removal. Many of the Cherokees, led by John Ross, protested this treaty. However, in the winter of 1838-1839, all of the Cherokees headed west toward Oklahoma. This removal of the Cherokees is now known, as the Trail of Tears was a very gruesome event. During the trip from the southern United States to current day Oklahoma, many of the Cherokees died. Shortly after their arrival in Oklahoma, they began to rebuild. They began tilling fields, sending their children to school, and attending Council meetings (Perdue 170).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cherokees were very civilized in dealing with the trails of removal. These people endured more than any other group of people throughout history. They played within the rules in their struggle. They did not want to start a war with the Americans. The Cherokees resisted removal and took it to court. Despite all of their tries to keep their land, they were removed. Work Cited Green, Michael D., and Theda Perdue, eds. The Cherokee Removal: A brief   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History with Documents. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, 1995.

Sylvia Plath: The Imperfect Perfectionist

Sylvia Plath's poetry is an expression of â€Å"a personal and despairing grief†. She had the gift of recreating her own past experiences in a complex form, so as to remove them from her present, that it started to seem like an obsession. Within this obsession her poems show a regular pattern of self-centeredness. It was this characteristic that lead her far from any â€Å"self-discovery† and â€Å"self-definition†, and drove her to her death, â€Å"an art† as she words it. Plath readily exploits her emotions through the personified language to build a sinister and super-natural atmosphere, in attempt of creating a â€Å"valiantly unremitting campaign against the black hole of depression and suicide†. However, her attempts went to waste when she committed suicide in the February of 1963. Plath's poetry enables the reader to unravel and look deep into her victimised mind. It was for this talent that she had received much praise, but much more criticism. Plath's poetry mirrors the life of Plath, and to make sense of her poetry it is important to try and have an understanding of Plath, to see things through her perspective. This is what most critics' lack, and so I have taken a step to try and understand her. It is for this reason I will take into consideration the perspective of psychoanalysts to aid me in my understanding of her, in particular the theories of Sigmund Freud, and the view of Marxists, to give me varied opinions. There are many themes common in her poems, each of which have equal importance, but I have chosen to analyse the themes of colour, family and relationships, and the self-inflicted pains she puts upon herself. Relationships were always a weak point in Plath's life. She has always felt disappointed by the relationships she had with others, especially that between her mother, father and husband. Her poems, which are partly stimulated by them, particularly â€Å"Daddy†, â€Å"Medusa† and â€Å"Tulips†, are a powerful source of â€Å"murderous art†, where she was allowed to expose her bitterness towards them. She uses reoccurring imagery associated with the three protagonists in her life, and poetry in attempt of breaking free from the chains of a â€Å"tortured mind of the heroine†. The relationship between Plath and her mother was very ineffectual, or that is how she exemplifies it through the use of her poetry. â€Å"Medusa†, which is said to be based on her mother is like a fantasy tale gone wrong. Plath creates a grotesque fictional jellyfish like character personified by the character of her mother. There is not even a little love being expressed in this poem, unlike ‘Daddy'. â€Å"Who do you think you are?†¦A communion wafer? Blubbery Mary? This is a hate poem, as the lines show no affection expressing hatred to such a level that the language used is so blunt and rude that it is hard to distinguish any relation between them. They also represent proof of the suppressed anger, which has brought Plath down in her life. The poem is made of many flashbulb memories, which are created at a time of high emotion. Memories of this kind are thought to be very accurate and so we cannot challenge Plath's recollection of these events to prove that they are false, however, throughout her poems, Plath shows a habit of inflicting pain upon herself in exaggeration of the cause and affect. She uses the same technique of reminiscing about the past, whilst exploiting the pain and suffering she underwent in â€Å"Daddy†. Another psychodynamic approach originates from explanations of attachment. Freud put forward an account, known as ‘cupboard love', based on the child's attachment with its mother. He states that the reason the child is attached with its mother is because they know that their mother will provide them with their needs without delay. These high expectations from a mother may also be the reason for Plath's anger towards her mother. Plath may have blamed her mother for the death of her father, and built hatred for her for the fact that she was unable to bring her, her dad back. Stan Smith, a Marxist has similar views. He believes â€Å"a writer is a creature of circumstance†, and Plath was a creature of emotional torment. Her father's death drove her to insanity, making her more and more obsessed with her father's death. Plath always recalled her dad through the imagery of the foot. She felt that the foot was to be blamed for the death of her father and used it as an excuse to build revulsion against him. â€Å"In which I have lived like a foot†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ The boot in the face† Daddy is a good example of her disillusions about her father. These quotes taken from â€Å"Daddy† show her misrepresentations of her father as a brutal and obsessive man, however it is learnt from many sources that his character was often described as â€Å"authoritarian† and maintained a relationship with his children with very little involvement, and so her distraught behaviour can be excused when she conveys her immense abhorrence. The line â€Å"If I've killed one man, I've killed two† shows that she has destroyed the image of her father, and the ability to see good in anyone. Many Marxists believe this is â€Å"entirely unfair† and that she cannot blame the mistakes of one person to generalise everyone else. This is how she creates a negative image of everyone around her, including her family, by reflecting her sweeping statement upon the world. The way in which she conveys a very pessimistic illustration of her father repeatedly shows that she is fixated on the torture she thinks her father has inflicted upon her. This defence mechanism she uses in â€Å"Daddy† and â€Å"Medusa† is explained in the ‘personality theory', which states that any experiences through childhood, which are of excessive, pain or pleasure become fixated in the mind. Later on in life it leads to repression (when the mind tries to block out any of those threatening thoughts). I also agree with this psychological explanation, however, some of this diagnosis does not seem to be the case for Plath. Instead of eradicating these thoughts from her mind, she keeps reminding herself of them. Plath's imagery is so constant throughout her poems that it seems she is trying to remove these thoughts and incidents from her mind and life by writing them down, but is unable to, which explains the repetition in her poems. Unlike psychoanalysts, many Marxists have a very different view, that we cannot depend on Plath's interpretation of her parents, as Stan Smith words it, â€Å"a product of her own time and place†. I too agree with their opinion. In her poems, Sylvia deeply focuses on their faults but does not pay any attention to her own. A popular Marxist theory is that Plath and her problems with her parents is part of a much bigger problem. Compared with other issues her trouble is insignificant, and so for her to exaggerate these issues is unfair. ‘Daddy' is somewhat Plath's finale, to eliminate her dad from her mind and life. It seems to me that whilst recollecting memories of her father, Plath was unable to recall enough and was forced to elaborate from the small amount she has. Gradually the recollections became very heavily buried under the elaborations, and the poem becomes a stranger to her, or so that is how it seems to the reader. However, for Plath, the more disguised her poetry, the more personal her poems become. And this is why it is necessary to try and understand her, so you can dig beneath the top layer to reveal her inside. She very cleverly hides her affection for her father in the same way. It is crucial to see beneath the cruel and callous layer to see that under all of this so-called hate for her dad, Plath still has some love for him, yet all this suppressed anger and, torture, created by the imagery, can be justified. To be able to give an explanation for anger, whilst investigating her real feeling towards her father, it is necessary to examine the imagery she uses. â€Å"Any more, black shoe. In which I have lived like a foot† The foot and shoe metaphors have a lot of importance in Plath's work, as she is able to relate to them very easily to help her present her feelings. As this quote shows, the boot is â€Å"a symbol of her, suffocated and stuck†, and also of the fear of which she had to live with whilst her father was alive. His dominant status in the house oppressed Plath, and even whilst he was alive he wasn't able to give her the love that a young child needed. They also represent the initial discovery of the diabetes, that later killed him, because he was reluctant to have his leg amputated. By using these images Al Alvarez believes that â€Å"in ‘Daddy' she goes right down to the deep spring of her sickness and describes it purely†. I find this quite absurd that Alvarez has judged Plath's work as an account of her sickness, rather than an exclamation from a child who has been deprived of fatherly love and affection. It doesn't seem as if he has taken into consideration her emot ions, and has made no attempt to try and understand her perspective. ‘Daddy' is a cry of pain from a daughter who expresses incredulous psychological trauma because a father will not return unconditional love by surviving for her sake. Plath too, like any other individual should have the right to express this trauma, which is what most critics like Alvarez are forgetting and not allowing her to do. Many analysts also compare Plath's behaviour to the Electra complex. I disagree with this theory and don't think that Plath's feelings for her father should not be interpreted in a sexual form. Despite these in depth analyses, could it not be that Plath only uses the black shoe imagery as an extension of the Holocaust imagery, or even only as a link associated to her father? Liz Hood, a Marxist, believes that this over-depth study of the â€Å"black shoe† â€Å"may infact be an example of adding ones own interpretation to something which may in essence be a great deal more simple†. I think this opinion should be taken very seriously when trying to investigate Plath' relationships and life. The â€Å"black shoe† could simply represent the initial discovery of her father's diabetes, but is very misleading to many. It is these factors, which make the understanding of Plath nearly impossible. Despite the hate being shown, I agree with Alvarez, concluding that ‘Daddy' is a love poem. The brutality of the poem makes the idea of ‘Daddy' being a love poem very obvious, but yet not so obvious. Examples of the double innuendo are shown in many places throughout the poem, but are intertwined in all the vicious imagery. â€Å"I used to pray to recover you. Ach du†¦or Achoo†¦your gobbledygoo† Plath refers to her father as ‘du'. Although by using ‘du' Plath dissociates her relationship, instead by using Daddy, â€Å"there is still some kind of cooing tenderness in thus which complicates the other more savage note of resentment†, thinks Alvarez and myself. This is because Plath is torn between viewing her father in the eyes of a child and in the eyes of an adult, as you can see from the quotes above. Certain words are very childish, and make reference to Plath as a child. â€Å"She is still a daughter who never grew out of the stage that all daughters go through, thinking they're fathers are the closest thing to God†, that she is still daddy's little princess, and so by using these words and by referring to her father as ‘daddy' she is compensating for the loss of her childhood without her father. Opposing these thoughts is Hugh Kenner, another psychoanalyst, who believes â€Å"there's a lot of nonsense being talked about in these poems†. Nevertheless, he also thinks she deserves to be accredited for her creativity. Kenner has separated her creativity and emotions into two categories, where as I think this is impossible to do. Her poetry and the sensation of the poetry are portrayed through her creativity, which are her emotions. ‘Daddy' and ‘Medusa' both show the complementing balance between the two. The way in which she contrasts her self made anguish with what may be seen as much more sever suffering, so simply is proof of her ability to express her own pain through literature whilst weaving in her personal grievance. This ability helps Plath to dissolve herself into her work to such an extent that she progressively exposes her feelings with more and more depth, and gradually self-destructs in ‘Daddy'. The most common imagery that she used to do th is is associated with the Holocaust and religion. Psychoanalyst Alvarez suggests that by using the Holocaust imagery, â€Å"what she does in the poem is, with a weird detachment, to turn the violence against herself so as to show that she can equal her oppressors with her self-inflicted oppression†. This is definitely the case in ‘Daddy'. Throughout ‘Daddy', Plath compares the many conflicts in her life with images of World War 2. She creates suffering all around her, and â€Å"when suffering is there whatever you do, by inflicting upon yourself you achieve your identity, you set yourself free†. This is created by the use of the Holocaust imagery. Plath causes her own aggression by contrasting everything involved in her poem with this imagery. In her mind, there is enough comparison for her to be able to convince herself that she is â€Å"a Jew†, and by doing this has the ability to bombard every pain, in every sense, not only that of the Holocaust, upon herself, which takes her self-inflicted suffer ing to the highest level. The black shoe can also be interpreted as â€Å"an extension of the Holocaust and Nazi† imagery and by doing this Plath also gives an impression of her father as a Nazi. I think it is unfair of Plath to and compare her anger and suffering with that of the Holocaust, however, Plath's poetry is very â€Å"spiritual† and whilst criticising her work we need to take in mind that this is the â€Å"mind of the tortured heroine†. Sharing the same view is Leon Wieselter, a Marxist, who too thinks, â€Å"Whatever her father did to her, it could not have been what the Germans did to the Jews†; he goes on to say, â€Å"The metaphor is inappropriate†. I do not agree with this opinion of his. We as readers, and outsiders will be unable to experience Plath's emotions, and so do not have the right to criticise her emotions which are portrayed through her imagery. What we may see as bearable anguish, may be comparable to murder for Plath (in the case of being separated from her father), and we have established from previous analysis and just by reading her poetry that her fathers death seriously scarred Plath mentally. Furthermore I think that Plath feels some attachment to the Jews, because of her original nationality. Challenging this opinion is Stan Smith, another Marxist, who feels â€Å"it would be wrong to see Plath's use of the imagery in the concentration camp simply as unacceptable†. Another very blunt try at this technique is shown throughout ‘Lady Lazarus'. â€Å"In ‘Lady Lazarus' the†¦cultural resonance of the original story is harnessed to a vehemently self- justifying purpose, so that the supra-personal dimensions of knowledge-to which myth typically gives access-are slighted in favour of the intense personal need of the poet†, as Hugh Kenner describes this. This is a very accurate account of Plath in ‘Lady Lazarus'. Here she causes to experience this torture in a very direct way. We can see this from the first stanza. â€Å"I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it-† These powerful lines show that Plath's self-made agonies are her drugs. She is self generating and to get energy to write she imposes pain upon herself. By doing this she also manages to gain everyone's attention of which she feels she was deprived from when she was younger, or maybe even all her life. Again in ‘Lady Lazarus' she involves some holocaust imagery and some reference to her father's foot. However there is not much imagery of this sort in ‘Lady Lazarus' but the language used is more frank, and revolved around her as a person. In a sense its is a summary of her life, a brief autobiography. By repeating the upsetting events in her life she reminds herself of them, and in a way by doing this she is causing herself to drown again in her own history. Another kind of imagery, which I think scares Plath is that of colour. It seems like Plath had a phobia of the colour red. Although this is a different imagery in its own respect, I think that Plath looks too deep into the various connotations of the colour red. Red associates itself with many assorted connotations, including love and passion, hatred and anger, jealousy, roses and blood. These are just a few of the many. When scanning through these words, you are able to connect them with the various events and emotions in Plath's life. This is why she tries to avoid red in her poems, in my opinion. However, there are exceptions. Plath feels she is able to use red as another sort of imagery to put across her feelings. This line taken from ‘Tulip' is an example of the exceptions she makes. â€Å"The tulips are too red†¦their redness talks to my wounds†¦upsetting me with their sudden tongues and their colour, a dozen red lead sinkers round my neck†¦the vivid tulips eat my oxygen.† These quotes show us to what extent the colour red causes her harm. In ‘Tulips' Plath personifies the tulips, by making them able to physically hurt her, as shown by the quotes. However, as soon as she brings to light the redness of the tulip, her audience become aware of the negativity of the tulips, and a very tense atmosphere is created. By characterising the tulips she feels like everyone is victimising her, and so again brings a feeling of fear and oppression upon her. She uses red to replace someone, of whom she is writing about. The tulips are harmless, but the redness attacks her mind. â€Å"The patient attempts to escape by every possible means. First he says nothing comes into his head, then that so much comes into his head that he can't grasp any of it†¦at last he admits that he really cannot say anything, he is so ashamed to†¦so it goes on, with untold variations. I think this quote said by Freud is perfect to conclude Plath. The paper is Plath's couch, and the pen her doctor. Poetry is mostly created for the sake of releasing pent up emotions, that one finds impossible to keep inside them, similar to crying out, rather than creating poems for the sake of art. However, the main question, which will trouble many minds for generations to come, is, was Sylvia's outcry disguised behind a false persona?

Death of a Hero, Written by R.Aldington

The text under analysis is taken from the novel â€Å"Death of a hero†, written by Richard Aldington. The first extract under analysis is very emotional by itself. In connection with the main theme of the novel the main idea of the first extract is the representation of the beauty of things menaced by war. The first is a beautiful canvas of spring as seen by two young and sensitive people in love. And the second one is regretful author's interposition about British nature and vulnerability of people of art during the war. From the very beginning of the text we see this beauty, and when George and Elizabeth just entered the Bushey Park .They were literally shocked by the beauty of the English garden and nature. This unexpectedness is conveyed to the reader through the metaphor â€Å"sudden ecstasy of delight†. We realize how sensitive and poetic they are, and how subtly they feel this delight. And the whole text, with its highly-emotional vocabulary, rhythm and colorful descriptions sounds more like a poem. And we can find the prove in the next couple of sentences. The description of the garden is very imaginary, as if we can see it through our own eyes. This effect is created with a help of certain syntactical structure.Many sentences beginning with adverbials of place: â€Å"Between the wall†¦ and another long high wall†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Underfoot†¦ â€Å", â€Å"There†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Among them†¦ â€Å", directing our gaze and inviting the reader to enjoy all the loveliness of the sight. The choice of words is also very rich and poetic in this part of the extract. Such as â€Å"†grandiose scale†, â€Å"innumerable bulbs†, â€Å"great secular trees†, â€Å"vast fans† help to show the splendor of the nature, to emphasize the color the author uses mostly coupled epithets such as â€Å"glittering green-and-gold foliage†, â€Å"the stouter green of wild plants†, â€Å"ten der blue sky†, â€Å"white and blue blossoms† and many others.All these create a visible scenery of the garden. For the greater part the epithets or attributes denoting color, are combined with metaphors describing the shapes of the flowers: â€Å"pale hearts† of the lilacs, â€Å"foam of white and blue blossoms†. A whole cluster of metaphors is devoted to the wild daffodil: â€Å"the soft, slim yellow trumpet†, â€Å"a pointed ruff of white petals†, â€Å"gold head†. Also, to create even more visional scenery the author uses simile very often in this part of the extract.And he compares the grass to an evening sky and the flowers to stars, the red tulips to bubbles of dark wine, and the large parti-coloured gold and red tulips are said to be â€Å"noble and sombre like the royal banner of Spain† . The colors are very warm and soft, ad its completely different from the colors that would be used in the next part. The choice of wor ds is remarkable for their sonorous quality (foliage, unfold, verdure, alert, sombre, banner etc. ). The passage is particularly rich in adjectives with alliterating (slender, stiff stem; glittering green-and-gold foliage; lost in the lush herbs).The alliterations are mainly based on the l- and r-sounds. These features make the passage particularly musical. To create the same musical effect the author uses the inversion. These stylistic devices create the atmosphere of harmony, beauty and splendor. With the words â€Å"English spring flowers† the second part of the text starts. And we can hear admiration and regret in this words. The change from the mood of tender delight to that of sadness and tension is immediate. Emotional words pervading the paragraph change their key; they are woe, bitterness, despair, bleak, mournful, appalling, foul, regretful.The author just opposed the the peaceful beauty of nature and the bitterness and despair in the world of men. This sharp contra st creates the atmosphere of despair and in this sentence â€Å"What an answer to our ridiculous â€Å"cosmic woe†, how salutary, what a soft reproach to bitterness and avarice and despair, what balm to hurt minds! † we realize it even more clear how unnecessary it is to have war. And the allusion from Virgil's  Aeneide shows to us that people should stop or they would have the same destiny as Troyans.Another contrast, brought about, is between the â€Å"bleak sky† and the â€Å"bleak race† of England and her beautiful flowers and poets. The final pathetic rhetorical question is whether the prospective conqueror would â€Å"think regretfully and tenderly of the flowers and the poets†. Also, the presentiment of England's final ruin is worded as one more classical quotation. The phrase: â€Å"fuit Ilium† is from Virgil's  Aeneidethe whole line being: â€Å"Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium† which is the Latin for â€Å"We were Troyans: Troy was†, implying that it is now no more.The sharp contrasts, as well as the emphasis laid on the effect the transitory moment produces upon the heroes' senses, the refined metaphorical imagery comparing things in nature to man-made objects of luxury, — all these combine to bring Aldington's word-painting close to the Impressionist school. The lyrical intensity of Aldington's descriptions largely depends on the combination of the direct imagistic method, i. e. presenting things in a series of images almost physically palpable and real – with the author's own comments, bitter or sad.

Story of Henri Charrière, Author of Papillon

Story of Henri Charrià ¨re, Author of Papillon Henri Charrià ¨re (1906 –  1973) was a French petty criminal who was incarcerated  for murder in a penal colony in French Guiana. He famously escaped the brutal prison by building a raft, and in 1970 he published the book Papillon, detailing his experiences as a prisoner. Although Charrià ¨re claimed the book was autobiographical, it is believed that many of the experiences he described were in fact those of other inmates, and so Papillon is considered a work of fiction. Key Takeaways: Henri Charrià ¨re Henri Charrià ¨re was a small-time French criminal who was convicted of murder, possibly unjustly, and sentenced to ten year of hard labor in a penal colony.Following his successful escape, Charrià ¨re settled in Venezuela and wrote the famous semi-biographical novel Papillon, detailing (and embellishing) his time in prison.After the books publication, controversy arose around whether Charrià ¨re had attributed events involving other inmates to himself. Arrest and Incarceration Charrià ¨re, who was orphaned at the age of ten, enlisted in the French Navy as a teenager and served two years. Upon returning home to Paris, he immersed himself in the French criminal underworld and soon made a career for himself as a petty thief and safecracker. By some accounts, he may have made money as a pimp as well. In 1932, a low-level gangster from Montmartre named Roland Legrand–some reports list his surname as Lepetit–was killed, and Charrià ¨re was arrested for his murder. Although Charrià ¨re maintained his innocence, he was nevertheless convicted of killing Legrand. He was sentenced to ten years of hard labor in the St. Laurent du Maroni penal colony on French Guiana, and was transported there from Caen in 1933.   The conditions at the penal colony were brutal, and Charrià ¨re struck up a tenuous friendship with two of his fellow inmates, Joanes Clousiot and Andre Maturette. In November 1933, the three men escaped from St. Laurent in a small, open boat. After sailing nearly two thousand miles over the next  five weeks, they were shipwrecked near a Colombian village. They were recaptured, but Charrià ¨re managed to slip away once more, evading his guards in a storm.   In his semi-biographical novel published later, Charrià ¨re claimed that he made his way to the Guajira Peninsula in Northern Colombia, and then spent several months living with a local indigenous tribe in the jungle. Eventually, Charrià ¨re decided it was time to leave, but once he came out of the jungle he was recaptured almost immediately, and was sentenced to two years in solitary confinement. Escape and Literary Success Over the course of the next 11 years in which Charrià ¨re was imprisoned, he made numerous escape attempts; it is believed that he tried as many as eight times to escape prison. He later said that he was sent to Devil’s Island, a prison camp known both for being completely inescapable and for having a prisoner death rate of an astonishing 25%.   In 1944, Charrià ¨re made his final attempt, escaping on a raft, and landing on the coast of Guyana. Imprisoned there for a year, he was ultimately released and granted citizenship, and eventually he made his way to Venezuela. Burton Lindheim of The New York Times wrote in 1973, â€Å"[Charrià ¨re] tried to escape seven times and succeeded on his eighth attempt- a paddle over a shark†filled sea on a raft of dried coconuts. He found refuge in Venezuela, worked as a gold digger, oil prospector and pearl merchant and did other odd jobs before settling down in Caracas, marrying, opening a restaurant and becoming a prosperous Venezuelan citizen.† In 1969, he published Papillon, which became hugely successful. The books title comes from the tattoo that Charrià ¨re had on his chest; papillon is the French word for butterfly. In 1970, the French government pardoned Charrià ¨re for Legrands murder, and Renà © Pleven, the French Minister of Justice, removed restrictions on Charrià ¨res return to Paris to promote the book. Charrià ¨re died of throat cancer in 1973, the same year that a film adaptation of his story was released. The film starred Steve McQueen as the title character and Dustin Hoffman as a forger named Louis Dega. A 2018 version features Rami Malek as Dega and stars Charlie Hunnam as Charrià ¨re. Later Controversy Georges Mà ©nager’s  Les Quatre Và ©rità ©s de Papillon  (â€Å"The Four Truths of Papillon†) and Gà ©rard de Villiers’  Papillon à ©pinglà ©Ã‚  (â€Å"Butterfly Pinned†) both went into depth about inconsistencies in Charrià ¨re’s tale. For instance, Charrià ¨re claimed he rescued a guard’s daughter from a shark attack, but the child was in fact saved by another inmate who lost both of his legs and died as a result of the incident. He also claimed that he was imprisoned on Devil’s Island, but French penal colony records do not indicate that Charrià ¨re was ever sent to this particular prison. In 2005, Charles Brunier, who was 104 years old, said that it was his story that Charrià ¨re told in Papillon. Brunier, who was imprisoned at the same penal colony as Charrià ¨re during the same time period, told a French newspaper that he inspired Charrià ¨re to write the book. Brunier even had a tattoo of a butterfly.

Chemistry Mnemonic Devices for Elements

Chemistry Mnemonic Devices for Elements A mnemonic (pronounced ne MON ik) is one useful way to remember a list. This chemistry mnemonic is a phrase, consisting of words made using the symbols of the first nine elements in the periodic table. Happy Henry Likes Beer But Could Not Obtain Food for: H - hydrogen He - helium Li - lithium Be - beryllium B - boron C - carbon N - nitrogen O - oxygen F - fluorine More Chemistry Mnemonics for Periodic Table Element Symbols Of course, there are many more mnemonic devices you can use to help remember the element symbols. Here are a few more. Keep in mind, youll remember the element symbols best if you pick (or write) a mnemonic that you find funny or memorable. Some chemistry mnemonics cover the elements through neon, while several continue on to calcium. Happy Harry Listens B B C Network Over France Nevertheless Nothing More Arose So Peter Stopped Cleaning Airgun K Ca.Happy Henry Likes Beer But Could Not Obtain Four Nuts.Naughty Magpies Always Sing Perfect Songs Clawing Ants.Harry Helped Little Benny Balmer Carry Neat Oranges From Neptunes Natural Menagerie Always Singing Polite Sonnets Clearly Arf Key Casually.Harry Helps Little Betty Brown Crack Nuts On Friday Nights.Ha. Healthy Little Beggar Boys Catching Newts Or Fish.Hell, Here Little Beatniks Brandish Countless Number Of Flick kNives.Nagging Maggie Always Sighs, Please Stop Clowning Around.Here He Lies Beneath Bed Clothes, Nothing On, Feeling Nervous.Naughty Margaret Always Sighs, Please Stop Clowning Around.Hi He Lied Because Boron Could Not Oxidize Fluorine. New Nations Might Also Sign Peace Security Clause. Arthur King Can. (elements up to calcium)Hi! Hey Little Ben Became Charlie’s Number One Fighting Nemesis.Native Magpies Always Sit Peacefully Searching Clear Areas .Hi! He Lies Because Boron CanNot Oxidize Fluorine. Necromantic Nato Mg (abbreviation for make good) All Silicon Ports. Superman Clean Argons K-Capture. Hi Hello Little Beryll Brown Cracking Nuts On Friday.Nellies Naughty Magpie Always Sings Pop Songs ClearlyAfter Killing Cathy.

Public International Law (Extradition) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public International Law (Extradition) - Essay Example Public international law derives its rights from international agreements and may take any form that the contracting parties agree upon. Agreements may be made in respect to any matter except to the extent that the agreement conflicts with the rules of international law incorporating basic standards of international conduct or the obligations of a member state under the 'Charter of the United Nations(" We the Peoples of the United Nations... United for a Better World", UN Charter 1945) In this context, a brief discussion on the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties, 1969 seems to be relevant. The VCLT (Vienna Convention on law of Treaties )was drafted by the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations, which began work on the Convention in 1949 and finished in 1969 with a diplomatic conference held by the UN in Vienna, Austria. The Convention was adopted on May 22, 1969.The Convention entered into force on January 27, 1980. 108 states have ratified the VCLT (May, 2007). The 1969 Vienna Convention defines a treaty as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". To recognize the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems, To Note the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized, To affirm that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, To recall the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained, To have in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and To recognize and respect independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote the purposes of the United Nations set forth in the Charter, namely, the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and the achievement of cooperation among nations, To affirm the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, Extradition Treaties: Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. Between nation states, extradition is regulated by treaties. Between sub-national

(Dual Relationship) discuss the statment that in examing dual Essay

(Dual Relationship) discuss the statment that in examing dual relationships the most important issue is exploitation not duality - Essay Example Dual relationship in psychotherapy can be focused on the fact that the therapist has other existing or subsequent relationship to the patient. This relationship can either be in terms of the social aspect, financial aspect or even profession aspect. When the term dual is attributed it does not limit the issue on the concurrent relationships. Based on the opinions of the professionals the, it is important to prevent dual relationships due to the effects that can be brought about in the treatment of the patients. Basically, the relationship between therapists and patients should remain purely professional due to the probability that the medical treatments and interventions can be affected by the dual relationships that occur between the therapists and the patients. The optimum level of health care that can be given cannot be achieved if the main concern of the therapist can be affected by other issues due to the other relationship with the patient. In this case, the professionalism and the ethical issues are often considered and needed as guidelines. There are other issues that are needed to be co... But is important to consider that the cases wherein blood ties are considered as the connection between the therapist and the patient, it is still considered as a situation that is below the optimum expected. Another issue is related to the ethical considerations that can be attached to such relationships (Pope and Vetter, 1992). A. Types of Dual Relationships The main types of dual relationships are considered to be able to determine the proper actions that can be undertaken. These types are considered as the major ones which include the double roles, the double professions, the double financial relationships and the unavoidable dual relationships. The double roles can be defined as the type wherein the client or the therapist is connected in other ways. An example is the therapist may be a former student of the client. The said relationship can still be considered to have certain effects on the performance of the procedure. The relationship can be considered as relevant since it is one of the most common categories (Borys and Pope, 1989). Double professions on the other hand deals with the people that are into different professions and lines of work simultaneously. This is one of the reasons that these professionals meet people that may get their professional service. For example the therapist can at the same time be into the academe, thus students can also be clients (Borys and Pope, 1989). There are also cases of dual relationships that can be considered as inevitable and at some point a necessity. This can occur in cases such as the military wherein the officers may at the same time be therapists and medical professionals, thus are licensed to

Prepare an 11 page on criminal justice management and administration Research Paper

Prepare an 11 page on criminal justice management and administration - Research Paper Example The creation of organized policing marks the initiation of the development of administration of policing. The current policing system, which is paid by the government and is there to safe guard the interest of civilians, took place during 1829. During 1829, after a very lengthy and poignant debate, Metropolitan police act became a part of parcel of the English legal system. Before 1829, the activities conducted today by police and law enforcement agencies were conducted by ordinary civilians, volunteers, employees of justice system in America and England. When the law enforcement system was in the hand of these individuals, it provided very satisfactory results until the industrial revolution, during the revolution the crime rate of America and England escalated at a very fast pace. Under the Metropolitan police act, Sir Robert Peel gained the authority to assemble a force of policemen for the metropolitan region of London; Sir Robert Peel took this opportunity and instantly hired 10 00 individuals as cops. Sir Peel along with two police commissioners recognized as Robert Mayne and Charles Rowan experienced the same issues and challenges in managing and organizing the police station and its members as faced by commissioners and managers of police station in current settings. These issues mainly concerned communication and managing a huge police force, these issues included: how to manage and coordinate the activities of a very huge police force, how to ensure that all directions and protocols are being followed and how to inform a huge number of police men about their duties and roles. The solution to some of these challenges is available in the Peelian Reforms, according to these reforms; police system should be managed and directed as the military system, police should be provided proper training and police members should be retained, individuals interested in operating as policemen should be hired on probationary basis and those who

advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations

advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations Introduction Vaccination or immunization is a means of providing specific protection against many common and damaging pathogens by stimulating an organisms immune system to either produce humoral antibodies against the pathogen (or toxins produced by the pathogen) or T cells that can provide cell-mediated immunity (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Though ancient scientists did mention about prevention of infectious diseases through immunisation, it was Edward Jenner who developed the first vaccine. The vaccine was developed against small pox in the year 1796. The next vaccine came up almost a century later by Louis Pasteur. The vaccine was anti-rabies vaccine and was first used in 1885. The development of anti-rabies vaccine kindled hope for prevention of other infectious diseases, leading to immense research and development of several other vaccines (Shah, Nitin and Kukrej, 2007). The term vaccination was coined by Edward Jenner. Vaccination is the method of causing immunity to a disease by administration of an antigenic material into the body. The term vaccination is used interchangeably with immunity, which is derived from the Greek word immune which means to be protected. Several vaccines have been developed which either prevent or ameliorate several infectious diseases. The first disease for which vaccine was developed is small pox. Infact, even before Edward Jenner developed a proper vaccine against small pox, people in India and China inoculated fluids taken from small pox vesicles of patients suffering from mild course of disease. Despite the marked usefulness of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases, vaccination is still a much debated topic and has several medical safety, ethical, political and religious implications. In this essay, vaccination, types of vaccines, implications of vaccination and novel vaccines will be discussed with reference to recent literature. Mechanism of action of vaccines Vaccines act by developing immunity to the particular disease by inducing the development of antibodies. There are basically 2 types of immunity, innate immunity and acquired immunity. Innate immunity develops after actual exposure to the disease organism. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to vaccination. Acquired immunity may be active or passive immunity. Active immunity is that immunity that develops following exposure to antigenic stimulus, while passive immunity develops after direct injection of antibodies in the form of either sera or immunoglobulins, inside the body. The type of immunity rendered by vaccination is active immunity. Passive immunity confers temporary protection. The antibodies are taken from individuals or animals who are already infected with the disease. Active immunity renders long term protection (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). A pathogenic infectious agent induces disease and at the same time triggers the immune system of the host to develop antibodies against the disease. These antibodies help in the recovery of the host from the disease and continue to offer protection to subsequent infections from the same pathogen. This principle has been used for vaccination. Through vaccination, antigens which mimic the original pathogen of the respective disease are introduced into the body. The antigens only trigger the immune response, but do not cause the disease. The immune response may be cell-mediated or humoral, or even both, depending on which series of T helper lymphocytes are stimulated. Stimulation of Th1 series leads to lymphocytic response, while stimulation of Th2 series leads to humoral response. The timing of vaccine is based on several factors, the most important of which is the susceptibility of the disease, reactogenecity and presence of maternal antibodies. Thus, BCG and OPV vaccines are given at birth, because the child can get exposed to tuberculosis and polio at birth due to absence of maternal immunity and risk of susceptibility at this age. Similarly, vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hemophilus influenza are given in early childhood for maximum reactogenecity and protection against the diseases (Shah, 2007). Many vaccines are given together and this makes sense because concurrent administration of more than one vaccine does not interfere with the take of one another. It is important to give atleast 4 weeks time before the administration of second dose of the same vaccine (Shah, 2007). Types of vaccines The antigens in vaccines may be either live organisms, modified exotoxins, subunits of organisms or whole inactivated organisms. There are basically two types of vaccine: live vaccines and inactivated vaccines. In live vaccines, the pathogen, either virus or bacteria is weakened or attenuated. They act by causing non-clinical and self-limiting disease, thus triggering the immune system and inducing immunity. On administration, the pathogens multiply in the host and trigger immune response. The pathogens do not cause any disease because they are attenuated. However, in immunocompromised patients, live vaccines can cause disease. One major advantage with live vaccines is that a single dose is sufficient to confer long-term immunity. Examples of live vaccines are oral polio vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and yellow fever vaccine (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Inactivated vaccines consist of either killed pathogens, subunits of pathogens or toxins released by pathogens. The killed vaccines are made up of pathogens which are grown in suitable culture, subsequent to which the pathogens, either bacteria or virus are killed either thermally or chemically with formaldehyde. More often than not, the polysaccharide immunogenic antigen is binded chemically with a protein molecule, to enhance the immunogenecity of the vaccine. Inactivated vaccines have to be given in multiple doses. The immunity is for a short period. Hence boosters doses are essential. Examples of inactivated virus vaccines are, hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated polio vaccine and rabies vaccine. Inactivated bacterial vaccines are whole cell killed typhoid vaccine and pertussis vaccine. Viral subunit vaccine is HBsAg vaccine. Toxoid vaccines are tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines are hemophilus influenza, typhoid Vi, pneumococcal and meningococcal vacc ines. In these vaccines, though the pathogens are destroyed and are not able to undergo replications, the capsid proteins, which are antigens are recognized by the immune system of the vaccinees, causing an immune response (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Bacterial subunit vaccine is acellular pertussis vaccine. Sub-unit vaccines are those which use purified components of the cell wall to initiate immune response in the vaccinee. Some of the examples of such vaccines are meningococcus, pertussis, hemophilus and pneumococcus vaccines. An interesting vaccine worth discussing at this juncture is the hepatitis-B vaccine which is developed by purification of the antigenic proteins that are manufactured subsequent to expression from a gene that is cloned into a vector like yeast (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Polysaccharide vaccines are basically weak antigens that are T-independent and hence cause IgM responses without development of immunologic memory that is critical for stable and long-term imm unity. In such vaccines, the immunogenecity is enhanced by conjugating the antigens with other proteins like meningococcus, hemophilus and pneumococcus that are T-dependent and induce immulogic memory (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). The type of vaccination needed for a specific disease depends on the pathogenesis of the disease. For example, pathogens like diphtheria and tetanus cause the disease by releasing certain toxins called exotoxins. In these cases, antibodies which neutralise and prevent the binding of the exotoxin to respective receptors on the target cells prevent the disease. Thus vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus are toxoids. On the other hand, other pathogens have other pathogeneses, and consequently, antibodies which either react directly with the pathogen or eliminate the pathogen through either intracellular killing, complement mediated lysis or phagocytosis are essential. Pathogens like protozoa, viruses and intracellular bacteria which harbor inside the cells cannot be accessed by the antibodies and in such diseases, cells harboring the pathogens need to be destroyed (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Immunity conferred by a particular vaccine may be either lifelong or may last for few months. Examples of former type of vaccines are mumps, rubella, measles, tuberculosis, small pox and yellow fever. Cholera vaccine confers immunity only for few months and hence may be used only during outbreaks. Vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and hemophilus influenza are part of primary immunization and must be given between 2-3 months of age. Mumps, measles and rubella vaccines must be given between 13- 15 months (Shah et al, 2007). Adjuvants Adjuvants are those chemicals which are added in the vaccine to enhance the immunogenecity of the vaccines. The most widely used adjuvants are aluminum salts, which are used in DPT. Other adjuvants which are in experimental stage include Freuds complete and incomplete adjuvants, certain oligonucleotides and some synthetic polymers. Certain bacteria also act as adjuvants and examples are Nocardia and BCG. Adjuvants increase immunogenecity by recognizing TOLL-like receptors, leading to activation of mononuclear phagocytes and induction of certain cytokines which enhance Th1 and Th2 responses (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Prophylactic and therapeutic immunisation Most of the vaccines are given as a prophylactic measures against their respective diseases, in the sense, the vaccines are given prior to exposure to the disease pathogen. In case of rabies and tetanus, the vaccination is given after exposure to the pathogen and this is known as post-exposure immunization. In some situations like tetanus, which has very short incubation period, both active and passive immunisation may be necessary post-exposure (Shah, 2007). Strains used Only particular strains are used for the development of any vaccine. Danish 1331 and Copenhagen are the commonly used strains in the BCG vaccine. Both are strains of mycobacterium bovis. In each 0.1ml, 0.1- 0.4 million live viable bacilli are present. Each vial of OPV vaccine contains more than one million inactivated viruses 1,2 and 3. Measles vaccine is derived from live attenuated Edmonston Zagreb strain that is grown in the human diploid cell culture. MMR vaccine vaccine contains 1000 TCID50 of measles, 5000 TCID50 of mumps and 1000 TCID50 of rubella virus . There are several strains from which measles vaccine is developed and they are Edmonston Zagreb, Schwarz, Moraten and Edmonston B strains. The strains are grown in human diploid cell culture and live attenuated viruses are used to prepare the vaccine. Of these, Edmonston Zagreb strain is the most commonly used strain. The mumps strains used are Urabe AM9, Leningrad-Zagreb, RIT 4385 or Jerryl Lynn. The efficacy between various strains is similar. The strains are grown in chick embryo or human diploid cell cultures. For preparing the rubella vaccine, the strain used is RA 27/3 vaccine strain. The virus is grown in human diploid or chick embryo cell cultures. Live attenuated form of the virus is used for preparation of the vaccine (Shah, 2007). Market availability BCG vaccines are available in multi-dose dark colored ampoules. Single dose vaccine is not available. The vials are available as 10-dose vial and 20 dose vial. The 10 dose vial has to be reconstituted with 0.5 ml of normal saline and the 20 dose vial has to be reconstituted with 1ml sodium chloride solution (Shah, 2007). Storage Storage again, depends on the type of vaccine. Constituents of BCG vaccine are freeze-dried and can be stored at temperatures between 2-80 degree centigrade for one year. The preparation is vacuum sealed. Hence the ampoule must be opened carefully after gradual filing to avoid sudden entry of air and spillage of the contents. Reconstitution is done using normal saline. The vaccine has no preservative and thus the chances of bacterial contamination are high. Hence after reconstitution, the vaccine must be used within 4 hours and the left over vaccine must be discarded. Until those 4 hours, the vaccine has to be stored between 2- 8 degree centigrade. Oral polio vaccine contains stabilising agent magnesium sulphate and hence is stable after refrigeration. At state and district levels, the polio vaccine stocks must be stored at -200 degree centigrade. In clinics, it must be stored in the freezer. While transferring the vaccine to an outreach facility, the vaccine must be carried in prope r vaccine carriers loaded with ice packs to maintain temperature between 2- 80 degree centigrade. DPT vaccine has to be stored between 2-8 degree centigrade. The vaccine should never be frozen and any vial accidentally frozen must be discarded. Measles vaccine can either be frozen or stored in refrigerator compartment (Shah, 2007). Shelf life Shelf life varies from vaccine to vaccine. While some vaccines can be stored for several years, some others can be stored only for few months. For BCG, when stored under recommended temperatures in dark place, the shelf life is 24 months. Measles vaccine is supplied as freeze-dried and the shelf-life is 1-2 years or even more (Shah, 2007). Reconstitution While some vaccines like DPT and typhoid are ready-to-use vaccines, others like BCG, measles and hemophilus influenza vaccines are freeze dried need to be reconstituted with appropriate solutions. BCG vaccine has to be reconstituted with sodium chloride solution provided by the manufacturers. measles vaccine must be reconstituted with sterile water. The vaccine does not have any preservative and hence strict asepsis must be maintained while diluting and aspirating contents. Reconstituted vaccine must not be stored (Shah, 2007). Administration Site and mode of administration depends on the vaccine. For BCG, the vaccine can be given anywhere. However, the recommended site is the convex aspect of the left shoulder for the purpose of easy visualization of the scar. The most preferred site of injection is the site at which the deltoid inserts into the humerus. Injection at sites higher than this level on the arm are likely to develop keloid (CDC, 2009). Oral polio vaccine is administered orally. The principle behind oral vaccination is that high gut immunity levels prevent transmission of the wild or pathogenic polio viruses. DPT, Hemophilus influenza, inactivated polio , hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid, and other such vaccine shave to be given intramuscularly and measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccines need to be given subcutaneously. The seroconversion rates of the oral polio vaccine are variable. For polio viruses type- 1, 2 and 3, the seroconversion rates after one dose of vaccine are 73%, 90% and 70%. Hence multiple doses are recommended to achive seroconversion of 90- 95 percent for all the 3 types of vaccine (Shah, 2007). Advantages of vaccination The advantages of vaccines are innumerous and hence all countries in the world have adopted vaccination in their public health policy. infact, vaccination is the best means of prevention of certain infectious disease, especially in new borns, infants and childrens who are vulnerable to certain diseases. In many cases, even if the vaccinee develops the disease for which he or she is vaccinated, the course of the disease is usally mild and recovery is fast. Attenuated vaccines trigger all phases of immune system and confer more stable immunity. Most live attenuated vaccines need no boosters. they are cheap and immunity develops quickly. The drugs are easy to transport. Some live vaccines like oral polio vaccine are easy to administer, can be given orally (Shah, 2007). Vaccines are useful not only to prevent disease, but also to eradicate the disease from the globe. Small pox, a deadly poxy disease was eradicated from the world only through vaccination. Currently, polio is on the verge of eradication because of oral polio vaccines and inactivated polio vaccine. However, there is ongoing debate about the continuing use of these vaccines with respect to community protection, as against individual protection. This debate arises in the wake of rising cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and vaccine derived polioviruses with oral polio vaccine (Thacker and Shendurnikar, 2003). Researchers are under the opinion that once poliovirus is eradicated, vaccine derived poliomyelitis will surge if oral polio vaccine administration is continued. To gaurd the development of this problem, inactivated polio vaccine which is administered in the form of injection is being introduced even in developing and underdeveloped countries (Shah, 2007). Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine or BCG vaccine is a vaccine against tuberculosis that was first developed in 1921 by Albert Calmette, a French microbiologist and Camille Guerin, a veterinary surgeon. Currently, BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. The mechanism of immunity induced by this vaccine is cell-mediated immunity. The protective effect of this vaccine is not very good, especially for pulmonary tuberculosis ( Vaccines are a of immense economic value in the health care system and this is evident from the cost-benefit ratios (1:10) of poliomyelitis and measles (Mason et al, 2002). However, in developing and underdeveloped countries many people do not have the access to many vaccines due to lack of infrastructure, coordinated health policies and cost factor. Disadvantages of vaccination Vaccination is associated with many side effects. However the benefits of vaccination outweigh the disadvantages of vaccination. The safety of vaccines is always a disputed aspect, expecially by critics. However, vaccines are selected basically based on the necessity, safety and efficacy and they licensed only after undergoing 3 phases of trials. The first phase is on human volunteers for safety and tolerance aspects. The second trial tests immune response and safety in human volunteers and the third trial checks for field efficacy nd safety. After these trials, potency, purity and sterility tests are performed by both the manufacturer and the Drug controller of the country and only when these are satisfactory is the vaccine released into market. The efficacy of certain vaccines like BCG is doubted. While many studies have shown this vaccine to be efficacious, promoting its ised in Asian and African countries, the vaccine is not recommended for routine use in the United States because of the doubts casted on the benefits of the vaccine through some studies (CDC, 2009). Improper manufacturing of inactivated vaccines can result in infections due to intact pathogens. Booster doses are essential for inactivated vaccines because the antigens cannot reproduce and thus periodic reinforcement of immune response is mandatory (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Some previous studies published a causal relationship betwen measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism. However, the Institute of Medicine nd Immunisation Safety Review Committee (2004) investigated the relationship and rejected the causal relationship. Though vaccination against varicella is highly efficacious, many experts do not recommend the vaccine because naturally acquired immunity offers protection life long and prevents adult chicken more which is more severe than childhood chicken pox. Infact, some studies have shown that iniversant infant vaccination of chicken pox will cause a surge in chicken pox in adulthoos and during pregnancy. Based on these studies, experts are of the opinion that though chicken pox vaccination prevents economic loss due to loss of work time, health care costs may arise (Ferson, 1995). Some experts are of the opinion that the shift of surge in cases towards adulthood and oldage can be minimised by administering the vaccine in 2-3 doses, instead of single dose (Senterre, 2004). In some countries, a new combination vaccine consisting of vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella has been developed. While the argument as to whether universal vaccination against varicella continues, this co mbination vaccine is viewed from a critical point because of increased risk of febrile seizures. (Klein et al, 2010). Vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis, a zoonotic viral disease is widely used in countries in Asia. The vaccine is an inactivated vaccine developed from infected brain tissue of mouse. This vaccine is expensive and needs to be administered in 2-3 doses. Even booster dose is required for this vaccine. However the vaccine is associated with adverse reactions in significant number of people. In China and other regions like Korea, a cheap vaccine is used with strain SA 14- 14- 2. This vaccine is not associted with significant allergic reactions. Though the vaccine has been deemed effective, there are not many trials to support the safe and efficient use of this vaccine (Plesner, 2003). Some vaccines are very costly. For example, the vaccines against HPV virus, for the prevention of cervical cancer are around 100US dollars. The efficacy of the vaccine is 70 percent and hence screening for cervical cancer needs to be done even despite vaccination. The vaccine has to be given in 3 doses and many people cannot afford the price (Madrid-Madrina, 2009). Live attenuated vaccines are difficult to transport and have a risk of undergoing secondary mutation which can cause virulence. Also, these vaccines can cause disease in immunosuppressed persons, which makes them useless in those with immunocompromise. It is for these reasons that live oral polio virus vaccine, also known as the Sabin vaccine is being gradually replaced by inactivated polio vaccine or Salk vaccine. Almost all vaccines have some adverse effects. The most common adverse effect is soreness and redness at the site of injection. other adverse effects include fever, malaise, disconfort, allergic reaction or even neurological problems. The type of side effect depends on the vaccine. In BCG, adverse reaction in the form of papule and ulcer formation is an indication of successful vaccine administration. Soon after the vaccine is administered a wheal of atleast 5 mm develops which is an indication that the vaccine was administered in the most appropriate manner. After about 2-3 weeks, a small papule develops at the site of injection which gradually increases in size to about 4- 8mm by the end of 5-6 weeks. After about 6 weeks, the papule ruptures and an ulcer develops. This ulcer heals slowly and develops a scar after 6- 12 weeks. Other undesirable adverse reactions can occur in 1-10 percent cases. They are delayed healing of ulcer, lymphangitis, enlargement of ipsilateral cervical and axillary lymph nodes, abscess formation, osteomyelitis and rarely disseminated BCG vaccination. After DPT administration, side effects in noted in more than 40 percent of vaccinees. The most common adverse effect noted is pain and redness at the site of injection. The pain may be so severe that the child may not be able to move the limb and walk. Induration and swelling may also be present. Fever is also very common. It may last for 24- 72 hours and responds well to paracetamol. All children who have been administered this vaccine must receive paracetamol whether there is fever or not, for control of pain. Other systemic side effects include vomiting, anorexia, irritability, lassitude and excessive crying.The side effects are due to pertussis vaccine. Rarely, seizures can occur after administration of the vaccine. For vaccines like measles and varicella, rash and fever many occur (Shah, 2007). Some adverse effects can be nasty. For example, Swine flu vaccine is associated with Guillian barre syndrome, anaphylactic shock, vasculitis, paralysis and even death and this aspect is preventing many individuals from taking the vaccine.(Menzies et al, 2008). Pneumococcal vaccine can rarely can anaphylactic shock or even convulsions (Haber et al, 2009). Thus vaccination is associated with several risks and prior to administration of vaccines, the risks and benefits must be ascertained. Combination vaccines 2 ore more vaccines can be either given together at the same time. Currently, two or more vaccines are administered through the same injection. The combination depends on the vaccine and the manufacturers criteria. For several years, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis were given as combination vaccine, known as DPT. Similarly measles, mumps and rubella are also available as combination vaccines. other recent combination vaccines include hepatitis A and B vaccines, DPT with hemophilus influenza and inactivated polio vaccine, etc. Combination vaccines are safe and reduce the number of injections that need to be given to the child. They do not decrease the efficacy of vaccination. They increase the compliance to vaccination (Shah, 2007). Novel vaccines Some novel vaccines have been developed and are under trial in the wake of debate between advantages and disadvantages of current vaccines available. Some of the important ones are DNA vaccines, immunodominant peptides and anti-idiotype molecules. of recent interest in the field of vaccination are plant-vaccines, which are erived from plants and can be administered orally or through oral mucosa (WHO, 2010). The vaccines derived thus are expected to be cheap with minimal side effects. research in plant vaccines is a result of revolution in proteomics and genomics, and greater understanding of the molecular basis of infectious diseases and advances in modern biotechnology. Edible plant vaccines employ a new strategy of combining plant biology with medical science. Research has shown that some variants of tobacco express hepatitis B surface antigen and streptomutans surface protein and infact the torch of research in plant-derived vaccines is taken from here. Novel vaccines have only su b-units of the pathogen and hence do not cause any virulence even in immunosuppressed patients. other than tobacco, other plants which are potential sources of vaccines are tomato, banana, alfalfa, legumes and certain cereals (Refer figure and tables below). Some research has pointed to the role of oral transgenic plant-derived vaccines in the prevention of diarrhoeal diseases by some pathogens like norovirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and cholera (Tacket, 2004). Plant-derived vaccines have several advantages. Besides lower cost of vaccination, another major advantages of the vaccines are that they are administered orally and hence the need for injection equipment is not needed. This decreases the risks associated with injections like unsafe injection, poor sterilization, misuse and reuse. The vaccines will need less rigorous formulations for manufacture and supply unlike injections. Another major advantage of plant-derived vaccines is heat stability which avoids the maintena nce of expensive cold-chains, and allows easy portability of the vaccine. Since most of the plant-derived vaccines are effective mucosally, it is an advantage because most infections are acquired through mucosa and mucosal immunity prevents entry of the pathogens into the host. Plant-derived vaccines can be given as combination vaccines. Plant derived vaccines can be given even for diseases not covered under regular vaccination like sexually transmitted diseases, dengue hookworm and HIV. The development of plant-derived vaccines is yet in cocoon stage due to return of investment doubts, uncertain licentures, limited human trials and lack of expertise (Arzten, 2002). Fig.1. Plant derived vaccine development strategy (Das, 2009). Table 1. Antigens produced in transgenic plants (Das, 2009) Protein Plant Hepatitis B surface antigen Rabies virus glycoprotein Norwalk virus capsid protein E.coliheat-labile enterotoxin B subunit Cholera toxin B subunit Mouse glutamate decarboxylase VP1 protein of foot and mouth disease virus Insulin Glycoprotein swine-transmissible gastroenteritis cornavirus Tobacco Tomato Tobacco Potato Potato, tobacco Potato Arabidopsis Potato Arabidopsis Table-2. Transient production of antigens in plants after infection with plant viruses expressing a recombinant gene (Das, 2009) Protein  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carrier Influenza antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     TMV Murine zona pellucida antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TMV Rabies antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spinach  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AFMV HIV-1 antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AFMV Mink enteritis virus antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black eyed bean  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CPMV Colon cancer antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TMV Table-3 Antibodies and antibody fragments produced in transgenic plants (Das, 2009) Antibody  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plant IgG (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transition stage analog  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco IgM (ÃŽÂ »)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NP(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  acetyl hapten Single domain (dAb)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Substance P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco Single chain Fv  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Phytochrome  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco Single chain Fv  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Artichoke mottled virus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  coat protein Fab; IgG (k)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human creatin kinase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arabidopsis IgG (k)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fungal cutinase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco IgG (k) and SIgG/A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   S. mutagens adhesin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Tobacco hybrid Single chain Fv  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abscisic acid  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco Single chain Fv  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nematode antigen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco Single chain Fv  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²-glucuronidase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tobacco   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²-1,4 endoglucanase  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Single chain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Atrazin, Paraquat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tobacco antibody fragment  Ã‚  Ã‚   IgG  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Glycoprotein B of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Soybean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herpes simplex virus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion